Another approach to shaping metal is thermal processing. Instead of physically cutting or deforming the material, these ...

In recent years, considerable attention has been paid to the trend toward miniaturization of LEDs, driven by display devices, augmented reality, virtual reality, and other emerging technologies. Due ...

White Etching Layers (WELs) represent a significant surface modification in rail steels, manifesting as narrow, hardened regions that appear white after standard etching procedures. These layers are ...