An endoscope with a transparent cap enters through a 2 cm mucosal incision into the submucosal “third” space, approximately 5 cm proximal to the lower esophageal sphincter. Four distinct tissue layers ...

Figure 4 is consistent with the pattern of type I achalasia. There is almost no pressurization in the proximal, middle, or distal portion of the esophagus with each swallow. Figure 5 permits ...

The diagnosis of achalasia is made on the basis of aperistalsis of the esophagus. Manometry often reveals an elevated LES pressure (> 50 mm Hg), although this is not necessary to confirm the diagnosis ...

Surgical treatment of achalasia has evolved over the last several years. Transthoracic or transabdominal Heller anterior myotomy provide excellent relief of dysphagia. However, it is associated with ...