The proper electron-dot symbol for aluminum offers a concise representation of its valence electrons and how it participates ...

While last week's stunning auroras delighted many people across Australia, a massive solar storm that hit last year squeezed ...

Scientists have directly measured the minuscule electron sharing that makes precious-metal catalysts so effective. Their new technique, IET, reveals how molecules bind and react on metal surfaces with ...

Atoms with more than 4 valence electrons tend to gain electrons to achieve a stable configuration, forming negative ions ...