FRANCE 1945: WHEN SHAME WAS TAKEN OUT ON WOMENAfter the war ended, France did not only celebrate liberation. In towns and cities across the country, around 20,000 women were publicly humiliated. Their heads were shaved, they were paraded through streets, spat on, beaten, and marked for life. Many were accused of “horizontal collaboration,” not for fighting, not for betraying the nation, but for relationships, conversations, dancing, or simply surviving under occupation. Some had German lovers. S